Preface
Since 1987, the Petroleum Division of the American Chemical Society (ACS) has sponsored an international symposium on Ḁuid cracking catalysts technology at three-year intervals. Papers presented at these symposia have been published in book form in seven separate volumes. The recent global economic downturn together with the H1N1 Ḁu scare have limited participation and contributions to the recent 238th ACS meeting in Washington, DC in August 2009. As a result the pres-ent volume contains, in addition to research presented at the symposium, several invited papers.To reἀners, changes and challenges are everyday occurrences. After over-coming oil supply limitations from Middle East politics and the obstacles of fuel reformulations and rising crude prices, the industry is now facing an ever-growing number of mandates by governmental bodies worldwide at a time when there is a decline in demand for transportation fuels based on traditional fossil feedstocks. As a result, feeds, processes, and therefore catalysts will have to change.The reἀners’ efforts to conform to ever stringent environmental laws and use of fuels derived from renewable sources are evident in chapters reporting FCC emis-sion reduction technologies. Today, modern spectroscopic techniques continue to be essential to the understanding of catalysts performance and feedstock properties. This volume contains a detailed review in the use of adsorption microcalorimetry to measure acidity, acid site density, and strength of the strongest acid sites in het-erogenous catalysts as well as a discussion in the use of 1H-NMR to characterize the properties of a FCCU feedstock. In addition, several chapters have been dedicated to pilot plant testing of catalysts and nontraditional feedstocks, to maximizing and improving LCO (heating oil) production and quality, and to the improvement of FCCU operations.The Clean Air Act (CAA), passed in 1970, created a national program to control the damaging effects of air pollution. The CAA Amendments of 1990 protect and enhance the quality of the nation’s air by regulating stationary and mobile sources of air emissions. The EPA has identiἀed the reἀning industry as a targeted enforce-ment area. As a result, a “Reἀning Initiative” was commissioned in 2000 with the expressed goal to have 80% of the reἀning industry enter into voluntary consent decrees by 2005.The negotiation of a consent decree for a given reἀnery is a complex process driven by the strength and severity of the CAA and the reἀnery’s desire to avoid liti-gation. Consent decree negotiation and FCC emissions (SOx, NOx, CO, PM) reduc-tion technologies through consent decrees implementation are discussed in Chapters 14 through 18 of this volume.
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